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Guia de gramática japonesa (JLPT N5–N1)

300 pontos gramaticais na ordem ideal de estudo. Cada um tem uma explicação clara, quatro frases de exemplo e um quiz de três questões.

N5 Lista de gramática do JLPT N5 60 pontos gramaticais

  1. 1〜は〜ですA is B (polite statement about a topic)
  2. 2〜かQuestion marker placed at the end of a sentence
  3. 3〜もalso, too (used in place of は, が or を)
  4. 4〜のLinks two nouns: possession, affiliation, or type
  5. 5これ・それ・あれ・どれthis, that (near you), that over there, which one
  6. 6この・その・あの・どのthis, that, that over there, which (always before a noun)
  7. 7ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこhere, there (near you), over there, where
  8. 8〜じゃありませんis not / am not / are not (negative of です)
  9. 9〜ます・〜ませんPolite verb endings: do / will do; don't / won't
  10. 10〜をMarks the direct object of a verb
  11. 11〜に・〜へ（行きます）To: marks the destination of going, coming, returning
  12. 12〜でAt / in (place of an action); by / with (means)
  13. 13〜に（時間）At / on / in: marks when an action happens
  14. 14〜とAnd (joining nouns); with (a person)
  15. 15〜から〜までFrom ~ to / until ~ (time or place)
  16. 16〜ました・〜ませんでしたPolite past of verbs: did / did not
  17. 17〜があります・〜がいますThere is / there are; to have
  18. 18〜に〜がありますThere is ~ in / at ~ (existence in a place)
  19. 19い形容詞Adjectives ending in い: polite, noun-modifying and negative forms
  20. 20な形容詞Adjectives that take な before a noun
  21. 21形容詞の過去形Past tense of adjectives (was ~ / was not ~)
  22. 22〜が好きです・〜が上手ですLike ~ / be good at ~
  23. 23〜がほしいですWant (something)
  24. 24〜たいですWant to do ~
  25. 25〜ませんかWon't you ~? / Would you like to ~? (invitation)
  26. 26〜ましょうLet's ~
  27. 27〜ましょうかShall I ~? / Shall we ~?
  28. 28て形The te-form of verbs (linking actions: do ~ and ~)
  29. 29〜てくださいPlease do ~ (request, instruction or offer)
  30. 30〜ていますBe doing ~ / ongoing state or habit
  31. 31〜てもいいですMay / it is okay to do ~ (permission)
  32. 32〜てはいけませんMust not do ~ (prohibition)
  33. 33〜てからAfter doing ~ (first A, then B); since ~
  34. 34〜て、〜てDo ~, then ~ (actions in sequence)
  35. 35ない形Plain negative form of verbs (don't / won't do)
  36. 36〜ないでくださいPlease don't do ~ (polite negative request)
  37. 37〜なければなりませんMust / have to do ~ (obligation or necessity)
  38. 38〜なくてもいいですDon't have to do ~ (no need to)
  39. 39辞書形Dictionary form: the basic, plain non-past verb form
  40. 40〜ことができますCan / be able to do ~ (ability or possibility)
  41. 41〜前にBefore doing ~ / before ~; (time) ago
  42. 42た形Plain past form of verbs (casual equivalent of 〜ました)
  43. 43〜たことがありますHave done ~ before (past experience)
  44. 44〜たり〜たりしますDo things like ~ and ~ (listing example actions)
  45. 45〜後でAfter doing ~ / after ~; later
  46. 46普通形Plain (casual) forms of verbs, adjectives and nouns
  47. 47〜と思いますI think that ~ (opinion or guess)
  48. 48〜と言いましたSaid "~" / said that ~ (quoting someone)
  49. 49〜から（理由）Because ~, so ~ (states a reason)
  50. 50〜が（逆接）~, but ~ (contrast); also a soft lead-in
  51. 51〜ときwhen ~ / at the time that ~
  52. 52〜より〜のほうがB is more ~ than A (comparing two things)
  53. 53〜の中で〜がいちばんthe most ~ among (three or more things)
  54. 54〜になります・〜くなりますbecome ~ / get ~ (a change of state)
  55. 55〜に行きます（目的）go / come (somewhere) to do ~ (purpose)
  56. 56〜をくださいPlease give me ~ (asking for or ordering something)
  57. 57〜でしょうprobably ~ (a guess); ~, right? (asking for agreement)
  58. 58〜だけ・〜しか〜ないonly ~ (しか is used with a negative)
  59. 59〜や〜などA, B and so on (giving some examples)
  60. 60〜ね・〜よSentence endings: ね seeks agreement, よ gives new information

N4 Lista de gramática do JLPT N4 60 pontos gramaticais

  1. 1〜んですExplains a situation or reason, or asks for an explanation
  2. 2可能形Potential form: can do, be able to do
  3. 3〜ながらWhile doing ~ (two actions at the same time)
  4. 4〜し、〜しAnd what's more; lists several reasons or qualities
  5. 5〜てしまうFinish doing completely; do something by mistake (regret)
  6. 6〜ておくDo in advance (as preparation); leave something as it is
  7. 7〜てみるTry doing ~ to see what it is like
  8. 8〜てあるHas been done (on purpose) and the result remains
  9. 9自動詞・他動詞Intransitive verbs (something happens) and transitive verbs (someone does something)
  10. 10意向形Volitional form: let's ~, I'll ~ (plain form of 〜ましょう)
  11. 11〜ようと思うI'm thinking of doing ~; I've decided to ~
  12. 12〜つもりだintend to ~; plan to ~
  13. 13〜予定だbe scheduled to ~; plan to ~
  14. 14〜たほうがいいhad better ~; you should ~ (advice)
  15. 15〜かもしれないmight ~; may ~ (possibility)
  16. 16〜はずだshould be ~; is expected to ~ (based on reasons)
  17. 17〜と（条件）when/if ~, then ~ naturally or always happens
  18. 18〜たらif ~; when ~ (after ~ happens)
  19. 19〜ばif ~ (the condition needed for a result)
  20. 20〜ならif (it's the case that) ~; as for ~
  21. 21〜てもEven if / even though ~
  22. 22〜のにAlthough ~ (with surprise, regret, or complaint)
  23. 23〜のでBecause / since ~ (soft, polite reason)
  24. 24〜ためにIn order to ~ / for the sake of ~
  25. 25〜ように（目的）So that ~ / in order that ~
  26. 26〜ようになるCome to (be able to) ~; start doing ~
  27. 27〜ようにするMake an effort to ~; make sure to ~
  28. 28〜ことにするDecide to ~ (one's own decision)
  29. 29〜ことになるIt has been decided that ~ / it's a rule that ~
  30. 30あげる・もらう・くれるGive (away) / receive / give (to me or my side)
  31. 31〜てあげる・〜てもらう・〜てくれるDo something for someone / have something done for you
  32. 32受身形Passive form (be done by someone)
  33. 33使役形Causative: make or let someone do ~
  34. 34使役受身形Causative-passive: be made to do ~ (against your will)
  35. 35〜そうだ（様態）Looks ~ / seems about to ~
  36. 36〜そうだ（伝聞）I heard that ~ / they say ~
  37. 37〜ようだ・〜みたいだIt seems ~ / it's like ~
  38. 38〜らしいApparently ~ / typical of ~
  39. 39〜すぎるToo ~ / do ~ too much
  40. 40〜やすい・〜にくいEasy to ~ / hard to ~
  41. 41〜方way of doing ~ / how to ~
  42. 42〜始める・〜終わる・〜続けるstart / finish / continue doing ~
  43. 43〜ところだabout to / in the middle of / have just done ~
  44. 44〜たばかりhave just done ~ (it feels recent)
  45. 45〜ままas it is / leaving ~ unchanged / while still ~
  46. 46〜間・〜間にduring the whole time / at some point during ~
  47. 47〜までにby ~ (a deadline)
  48. 48〜かどうかwhether or not ~
  49. 49疑問詞〜かembedded wh-question (what / where / when ~)
  50. 50〜というcalled ~ / (the news, story) that ~
  51. 51〜の・〜こと（名詞化）Turning verbs and adjectives into nouns
  52. 52〜てくる・〜ていくChange up to now / from now on; go and come back
  53. 53〜がするThere is a sound / smell / taste / feeling
  54. 54〜にするDecide on / choose ~
  55. 55〜なさいDo ~ (command from parent, teacher, etc.)
  56. 56命令形・禁止形Imperative (do!) and prohibitive (don't!) forms
  57. 57〜てほしいWant someone (or something) to do ~
  58. 58尊敬語Honorific language: raising the other person's actions
  59. 59謙譲語Humble language: lowering your own actions
  60. 60お〜ください・ご〜くださいPlease do ~ (polite, respectful request)

N3 Lista de gramática do JLPT N3 60 pontos gramaticais

  1. 1〜ことがあるSometimes ~ / there are times when ~
  2. 2〜ことはないThere is no need to ~ / ~ never happens
  3. 3〜ということだI hear that ~ / That means ~
  4. 4〜というのはWhat ~ means is... / The reason is that...
  5. 5〜わけだNo wonder ~ / That means ~
  6. 6〜わけではないIt doesn't mean that ~ / not necessarily ~
  7. 7〜わけがないThere's no way ~ / cannot possibly ~
  8. 8〜わけにはいかないCannot ~ (for social or moral reasons)
  9. 9〜はずがないCannot possibly be ~ / there's no way ~
  10. 10〜べきだShould ~ / ought to ~
  11. 11〜ことだYou should ~ / the best thing is to ~ (advice)
  12. 12〜ものだThat's how it is / one should ~ / used to ~
  13. 13〜っぽい-ish, looks like ~ / tends to ~
  14. 14〜がちTend to ~ (usually something undesirable)
  15. 15〜気味A touch of ~ / slightly ~
  16. 16〜だらけFull of / covered with ~ (unpleasant)
  17. 17〜おかげでThanks to ~ (good result)
  18. 18〜せいでBecause of ~ (bad result, blame)
  19. 19〜ために（原因）Because of ~ / due to ~ (cause, formal)
  20. 20〜によってBy ~ / by means of ~ / due to ~ / depending on ~
  21. 21〜についてAbout; concerning ~ (topic of speaking, thinking, etc.)
  22. 22〜に対してToward ~; in contrast to ~
  23. 23〜にとってFor ~; from the standpoint of ~
  24. 24〜に関してRegarding ~; with respect to ~ (formal)
  25. 25〜に比べてCompared with ~
  26. 26〜としてAs ~ (in the role or capacity of ~)
  27. 27〜によるとAccording to ~
  28. 28〜とおりJust as ~; in the way that ~
  29. 29〜たびにEvery time ~; whenever ~
  30. 30〜うちにWhile ~ (before it changes); while doing ~
  31. 31〜最中にRight in the middle of ~ (something happens)
  32. 32〜ついでにWhile doing ~ anyway, also do something else
  33. 33〜たとたんThe moment ~ happened, (something unexpected occurred)
  34. 34〜てはじめてNot until ~ / only after ~ (did I realize)
  35. 35〜ば〜ほどThe more ~, the more ~
  36. 36〜ほどSo ~ that ~ (degree) / the more ~
  37. 37〜くらい・〜ぐらいAbout ~ / so ~ that ~ / at least (something as small as) ~
  38. 38〜ほど〜ないNot as ~ as ~
  39. 39〜さえEven ~ (so naturally others too)
  40. 40〜さえ〜ばAs long as ~ / if only ~
  41. 41〜こそprecisely ~; ~ and nothing else (strong emphasis)
  42. 42〜なんか・〜なんてthings like ~ (belittling, humble, or surprised)
  43. 43〜ばかりonly ~; nothing but ~; always doing ~
  44. 44〜だけでなくnot only ~ but also ~
  45. 45〜はもちろんnot to mention ~; ~ of course, and also ~
  46. 46〜かわりにinstead of ~; in exchange for ~
  47. 47〜一方でwhile ~; on the other hand ~
  48. 48たとえ〜てもeven if ~
  49. 49〜としてもeven supposing that ~; even if ~ were true
  50. 50〜てもかまわないit's fine if ~; you may ~
  51. 51〜ずにWithout doing ~
  52. 52〜ようとするTry to ~ / be about to ~
  53. 53〜ばよかったI should have ~ / I wish I had ~
  54. 54〜っけWhat was it again? (checking a half-remembered fact)
  55. 55〜ってCasual quote marker / 'I heard' / topic marker
  56. 56〜ふりをするPretend to ~ / act as if ~
  57. 57〜きる・〜きれないDo ~ completely / can't finish doing ~
  58. 58〜かけるHalf-done / be on the verge of ~
  59. 59〜てしょうがない・〜てたまらないSo ~ I can't stand it / extremely ~
  60. 60〜に違いないMust be ~ / I'm sure that ~

N2 Lista de gramática do JLPT N2 60 pontos gramaticais

  1. 1〜に際してOn the occasion of ~; when doing ~ (formal)
  2. 2〜にあたってWhen starting ~; in preparation for ~ (formal)
  3. 3〜をきっかけにPrompted by ~; taking ~ as the trigger to start something
  4. 4〜を通じて・〜を通して① through / via ~ ② throughout (a period or area)
  5. 5〜をめぐってOver ~; concerning ~ (debate, dispute, conflict)
  6. 6〜をもとにBased on ~ (as source material or a hint)
  7. 7〜に基づいてBased on ~; in accordance with (rules, facts, data)
  8. 8〜に沿って① along ~ ② in line with (a plan, policy, wishes)
  9. 9〜に応じてAccording to ~; depending on ~; in response to ~
  10. 10〜にこたえてIn response to (expectations, requests, cheers)
  11. 11〜に反してContrary to (expectations); against (rules or wishes)
  12. 12〜にもかかわらずIn spite of ~; although ~
  13. 13〜にかかわらずRegardless of ~
  14. 14〜を問わずRegardless of ~; no matter ~
  15. 15〜はともかくSetting aside ~; ~ aside
  16. 16〜はもとよりNot to mention ~; ~ of course, and also
  17. 17〜のみならずNot only ~ but also ~
  18. 18〜ばかりかNot only ~ but even ~
  19. 19〜上にOn top of ~; besides ~; in addition to ~
  20. 20〜上で(1) After doing ~ (2) In doing ~; in terms of ~
  21. 21〜以上（は）Now that / since ~ (so naturally one must ~)
  22. 22〜からにはNow that ~ (I'm determined to / must ~)
  23. 23〜からといってJust because ~ (doesn't mean ~)
  24. 24〜からこそPrecisely because ~
  25. 25〜ことからFrom the fact that ~ / because ~ (basis or origin of a name)
  26. 26〜ことにTo one's (surprise / joy / regret), ~
  27. 27〜ことなくWithout (ever) doing ~
  28. 28〜のことだからKnowing ~ (as they always are), surely ~
  29. 29〜もののAlthough ~ (but things don't go as expected)
  30. 30〜ものだからBecause ~ (giving an excuse or explanation)
  31. 31〜ものならIf ~ were possible; if one dared to ~ (bad result)
  32. 32〜というものだThat is (truly) what ~ is; that would be ~
  33. 33〜というものではないIt is not necessarily true that ~
  34. 34〜ないことはないIt's not that ~ not; ~ is possible, though not ideal
  35. 35〜ざるを得ないHave no choice but to ~
  36. 36〜ずにはいられないCan't help doing ~
  37. 37〜かねるCannot ~; find it hard to ~ (polite refusal)
  38. 38〜かねないMight well ~ (something bad)
  39. 39〜得る・〜得ないCan / could possibly ~; cannot possibly ~
  40. 40〜がたいHard to ~ (emotionally or mentally)
  41. 41〜っこないNo way ~ (strong denial, casual)
  42. 42〜ようがないThere is no way to ~ (no means)
  43. 43〜どころかFar from ~ / let alone ~
  44. 44〜どころではないThis is no time for ~ / in no position to ~
  45. 45〜か〜ないかのうちにJust as ~ / no sooner ~ than
  46. 46〜たかと思うとNo sooner had ~ than ~ (sudden change)
  47. 47〜次第As soon as ~ (then I will / please)
  48. 48〜次第だ・〜次第でDepending on ~ / it depends on ~
  49. 49〜て以来Ever since ~
  50. 50〜てからでないとNot until ~ / unless ~ first
  51. 51〜つつWhile doing ~; although ~ (formal)
  52. 52〜つつあるBe in the process of ~ (gradual change)
  53. 53〜一方だKeep ~ing more and more (one direction)
  54. 54〜ばかりだKeep getting worse and worse
  55. 55〜に限って・〜に限りOf all times/people; only ~ (limited to)
  56. 56〜に限らずNot only ~ (but also others)
  57. 57〜にすぎないBe merely ~; no more than ~
  58. 58〜に決まっているSurely ~; must be ~; bound to ~
  59. 59〜おそれがあるThere is a risk that ~ (something bad)
  60. 60〜わりにConsidering ~; for ~ (unexpectedly)

N1 Lista de gramática do JLPT N1 60 pontos gramaticais

  1. 1〜が早いかNo sooner had A happened than B happened
  2. 2〜や否やThe moment A happened, B happened
  3. 3〜なりAs soon as A, (someone) suddenly did B
  4. 4〜そばからAs soon as A is done, B undoes it (repeatedly)
  5. 5〜てからというものEver since A, things have changed (and stayed changed)
  6. 6〜を皮切りにStarting with A (and followed by many more)
  7. 7〜に至るまでAll the way to ~; even down to ~
  8. 8〜を限りにAs of ~ (the last time); (声を限りに) at the top of one's voice
  9. 9〜をもってBy means of ~; as of ~ (formal)
  10. 10〜といったところだAt most ~; about ~ (not much)
  11. 11〜ならではUnique to ~; something only ~ can offer
  12. 12〜にとどまらずNot limited to ~; goes beyond ~
  13. 13〜はおろかLet alone ~; not to mention ~
  14. 14〜もさることながら~ goes without saying, but even more so ~
  15. 15〜なり〜なりEither ~ or ~ (whichever you like)
  16. 16〜であれ〜であれWhether ~ or ~; no matter which
  17. 17〜といい〜といいBoth ~ and ~; whether in ~ or ~
  18. 18〜いかんで・〜いかんによってDepending on ~; determined by ~
  19. 19〜いかんにかかわらずRegardless of ~
  20. 20〜をものともせずUndaunted by ~; in defiance of ~
  21. 21〜をよそにIgnoring; with no regard for ~
  22. 22〜ならいざしらずIt might be excusable if ~, but (not in this case)
  23. 23〜ところをAt a time when ~; despite ~; (caught) in the middle of ~
  24. 24〜ものをIf only ~; even though ~ (regret or reproach)
  25. 25〜とはいえAlthough ~; even so ~
  26. 26〜といえどもEven ~; even though ~ (formal)
  27. 27〜ながらもThough ~; despite ~
  28. 28〜と思いきやI thought ~, but surprisingly ~
  29. 29〜とあればIf it's for ~; if it is the case that ~
  30. 30〜たら最後・〜たが最後Once ~ happens, there's no going back
  31. 31〜ようではIf ~ (is the case), things won't go well
  32. 32〜なしに・〜なくしてWithout ~; without ~, (something) is impossible
  33. 33〜ばこそPrecisely because ~
  34. 34〜とあってBecause of the special situation ~, (naturally) ~
  35. 35〜ゆえにBecause of ~; therefore (formal)
  36. 36〜ではあるまいしIt's not as if ~, so ~
  37. 37〜手前Having done ~ / in front of ~, (I must keep face)
  38. 38〜べくIn order to ~ (formal, written)
  39. 39〜んがためFor the (strong) purpose of ~ (literary)
  40. 40〜まじき(N) unbecoming of ~; must not be done
  41. 41〜べからず・〜べからざるMust not ~ (formal written prohibition)
  42. 42〜を禁じ得ないCannot help feeling ~; cannot suppress ~
  43. 43〜を余儀なくされるBe forced to ~ by circumstances
  44. 44〜ずにはおかないWill inevitably cause ~; will surely ~
  45. 45〜ずにはすまないCannot get away without ~; will have to ~
  46. 46〜てやまないNever cease to ~; sincerely ~ (wish, hope)
  47. 47〜に堪えないToo awful to ~; deeply ~ (gratitude, etc.)
  48. 48〜に足るWorthy of ~; enough to ~
  49. 49〜に（は）あたらないThere's no reason to ~; ~ is not warranted
  50. 50〜までもないThere's no need to (go as far as to) ~
  51. 51〜までだ・〜までのことだI'll simply ~ / I merely did ~
  52. 52〜ばそれまでだIf ~ happens, it is all over / all wasted
  53. 53〜極まる・〜極まりないExtremely ~ (usually negative)
  54. 54〜の至りThe utmost ~ (formal expression of feeling)
  55. 55〜の極みThe height of ~ / ~ in the extreme
  56. 56〜ずくめNothing but ~ / entirely ~
  57. 57〜まみれCovered all over in ~ (something dirty)
  58. 58〜めくTo show signs of ~ / to seem like ~
  59. 59〜きらいがあるHave a (bad) tendency to ~
  60. 60〜かたわらWhile (one's main work), also ~ / beside ~

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