Japatan
Formação
- Vます形 + 得る(うる/える)
- Vます形 + 得ない(えない)
Explicação
〜得る means "it is possible to ~" or "~ could happen"; 〜得ない means "it is impossible to ~" or "~ could not happen." It is a somewhat formal way to talk objectively about whether something can happen or be true, as in 起こり得る, 考え得る and あり得ない. The positive 得る is read うる or える, but the negative is only えない and the past only えた. In speech, ありえない also means "unbelievable."
Exemplos
気をつけていても、誰にでも間違いは起こり得る。
Even if you're careful, mistakes can happen to anyone.
考え得る方法はすべて試したが、問題は解決しなかった。
We tried every method we could think of, but the problem wasn't solved.
真面目な佐藤さんが会議を忘れるなんて、あり得ない。
It's impossible that the serious Mr. Sato would forget a meeting.
これは社内の人にしか知り得ない情報だ。
This is information that only people inside the company could know.
Observações
It is not used for personal ability (✗ 私はピアノが弾き得る → 弾ける). It also does not attach to the potential form.
Gramática relacionada
Miniquiz
1電車が遅れることも十分あり（ ）ので、早めに家を出よう。
Resposta e explicação
Resposta: 3 得る
"It's quite possible the train will be late, so let's leave home early." あり得る (could happen) fits. あり得ない (impossible) contradicts leaving early.
2昨日会ったばかりの人が私の誕生日を知っているなんて、あり（ ）。
Resposta e explicação
Resposta: 1 得ない
"It's impossible that someone I just met yesterday knows my birthday." なんて shows surprise, so あり得ない (impossible) fits. あり得る means "possible" and does not match the surprise. ざるを得ない would need the form あらざるを得ない, and ありかねる is not used.
3「得る・得ない」の使い方が正しい文はどれですか。
Resposta e explicação
Resposta: 4 この情報は、関係者しか知り得ないはずだ。
4 means "Only the people involved could know this information." 1 and 2 are about personal ability or circumstances, so use 弾ける and 食べられなかった; 得る is not used for personal ability. 3 wrongly attaches to the potential form 泳げ.
